Microbial toxicity is the study of how microorganisms, such as bacteria, viruses, fungi, and protozoa, can produce toxic substances that harm other organisms, including humans. These toxins can cause a variety of health problems, ranging from mild irritation to severe illness or even death. Researchers in this area investigate the mechanisms by which microorganisms produce toxins, how these toxins interact with host cells, and ways to prevent or treat the harmful effects of microbial toxins. Understanding microbial toxicity is important for food safety, public health, and environmental protection.